Table 1. Summary of patient cohorts.

Characteristic	Training cohort		Prospective cohort		Total
Characteristic	Malignant	Benign	Malignant	Benign	Total
Total cases	22	10	82	21	135
Subtypes
PDAC untreated	13	—	22	—	35
PDAC neoadjuvant tx	9	—	24	—	33
IPMN inter/high-grade	—	—	13	—	13
NET	—	—	12	—	12
Other cancer	—	—	11	—	11
Benign cystic tumor	—	—	—	5	5
Pancreatitis	—	—	—	8	8
Controls	—	10	—	8	18
Age (years)
Median	68	48	65	57	63
Range	47–88	23–82	17–84	19–91	17–91
Sex
Male	8	4	47	14	73
Female	14	1	40	14	69
CA 19-9
PDAC untreated	1,148 (1–6,684)	—	1,006 (1–10,625)	—	1,064 (1–10,625)
PDAC neoadjuvant tx	2,258 (19–17,101)	—	657 (4–7,730)	—	1,175 (4–17,101)
IPMN	—	—	10.6 (1–26)	—	10.6 (1–26)
CEA
PDAC untreated	7.0 (2–12)	—	3.4 (0.6–22.1)	—	5.0 (0.6–22.1)
PDAC neoadjuvant tx	11.0 (1–53)	—	56.4 (0.7–1,003)	—	40 (0.7–1,003)
IPMN	—	—	2.1 (0.7–3.3)	—	2.1 (0.7–3.3)
Stage
I	0	—	10	—	10
II	1	—	42	—	43
III	5	—	5	—	10
IV	16	—	10	—	26
Co-therapies PDAC
Folfirinox/XRT	4	—	21	—	25
Gemcitabine	5	—	1	—	6
Other	—	—	2	—	2