Half of the mothers were HIV-infected.
| Maternal characteristics | HIV+ mothers (n = 25) | HIV− mothers (n = 25) | P |
| Maternal age (years) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 30.2 (5.3) | 27.1 (7.5) | |
| Median (IQR) | 31 (28–34) | 27 (20–31) | 0.06 |
| Use of antibiotics during pregnancy or postpartum period (%) | 18 (72) | 10 (40) | 0.02 |
| Vaginal delivery (%) | 19 (76) | 24 (96) | 0.10 |
| Delivery at home (%) | 10 (42) | 11 (44) | 0.87 |
| Term delivery (%) | 23 (92) | 22 (88) | 0.64 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 24.7 (4.2) | 21.9 (2.8) | |
| Median (IQR) | 25.3 (21.1–27.5) | 21.4 (20.3–23.4) | 0.023 |
| Maternal mid-upper arm circumference (cm) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 25.6 (5.5) | 26.0 (4.0) | |
| Median (IQR) | 27 (23–29.0) | 26 (24–28) | 0.59 |
| Exclusive breastfeeding (%) | 20 (80) | 19 (76) | 0.73 |
| Breast problems: cracked nipples, clogged ducts, and mastitis (%) | 10 (40) | 9 (36) | 0.77 |