PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Goss, Christopher H.
AU  - Kaneko, Yukihiro
AU  - Khuu, Lisa
AU  - Anderson, Gail D.
AU  - Ravishankar, Sumedha
AU  - Aitken, Moira L.
AU  - Lechtzin, Noah
AU  - Zhou, Guolin
AU  - Czyz, Daniel M.
AU  - McLean, Kathryn
AU  - Olakanmi, Oyebode
AU  - Shuman, Howard A.
AU  - Teresi, Mary
AU  - Wilhelm, Ellen
AU  - Caldwell, Ellen
AU  - Salipante, Stephen J.
AU  - Hornick, Douglas B.
AU  - Siehnel, Richard J.
AU  - Becker, Lev
AU  - Britigan, Bradley E.
AU  - Singh, Pradeep K.
TI  - Gallium disrupts bacterial iron metabolism and has therapeutic effects in mice and humans with lung infections
AID  - 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat7520
DP  - 2018 Sep 26
TA  - Science Translational Medicine
PG  - eaat7520
VI  - 10
IP  - 460
4099  - http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/10/460/eaat7520.short
4100  - http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/10/460/eaat7520.full
AB  - Bacterial resistance to available antibiotics is emerging worldwide, and there are few new antibiotics in the pipeline. Goss et al. have developed an unconventional strategy for treating bacterial infections. They report that disruption of bacterial iron metabolism by substituting iron with the metal gallium resulted in reduced survival of bacteria in vitro. Gallium also showed antibiotic activity against bacteria in sputum samples from patients with cystic fibrosis and in mouse models of airway infection. In a phase 1 clinical trial, gallium had therapeutic effects without toxicity in cystic fibrosis patients infected with Pseudomonas, suggesting that gallium may be useful for treating bacterial infections.The lack of new antibiotics is among the most critical challenges facing medicine. The problem is particularly acute for Gram-negative bacteria. An unconventional antibiotic strategy is to target bacterial nutrition and metabolism. The metal gallium can disrupt bacterial iron metabolism because it substitutes for iron when taken up by bacteria. We investigated the antibiotic activity of gallium ex vivo, in a mouse model of airway infection, and in a phase 1 clinical trial in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infections. Our results show that micromolar concentrations of gallium inhibited P. aeruginosa growth in sputum samples from patients with CF. Ex vivo experiments indicated that gallium inhibited key iron-dependent bacterial enzymes and increased bacterial sensitivity to oxidants. Furthermore, gallium resistance developed slowly, its activity was synergistic with certain antibiotics, and gallium did not diminish the antibacterial activity of host macrophages. Systemic gallium treatment showed antibiotic activity in murine lung infections. In addition, systemic gallium treatment improved lung function in people with CF and chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection in a preliminary phase 1 clinical trial. These findings raise the possibility that human infections could be treated by targeting iron metabolism or other nutritional vulnerabilities of bacterial pathogens.