PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Rosenblum, Michael D. AU - Gratz, Iris K. AU - Paw, Jonathan S. AU - Abbas, Abul K. TI - Treating Human Autoimmunity: Current Practice and Future Prospects AID - 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003504 DP - 2012 Mar 14 TA - Science Translational Medicine PG - 125sr1--125sr1 VI - 4 IP - 125 4099 - http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/4/125/125sr1.short 4100 - http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/4/125/125sr1.full AB - Autoimmune diseases are caused by immune cells attacking the host tissues they are supposed to protect. Recent advances suggest that maintaining a balance of effector and regulatory immune function is critical for avoiding autoimmunity. New therapies, including costimulation blockade, regulatory T cell therapy, antigen-specific immunotherapy, and manipulating the interleukin-2 pathway, attempt to restore this balance. This review discusses these advances as well as the challenges that must be overcome to target these therapies to patients suffering from autoimmune disease while avoiding the pitfalls of general immunosuppression.