Supplementary Materials

The PDF file includes:

• Materials and Methods
• Fig. S1. ADMSCs are characterized by flow cytometry and differentiation in vitro.
• Fig. S2. Fluorescence images show stem cell engraftment after transplantation in the stomach in pigs.
• Fig. S3. Summary of the functional interactions between the identified genes and the MAPK and Akt signaling.
• Fig. S4. ADMSC treatment does not reverse the indomethacin-induced inhibition of the COX₂-PGE₂ axis but activates the ErK/MAPK and the PI3K/Akt pathways.
• Fig. S5. Treatment with MSC-CM induces the phosphorylation of ErK and Akt on human gastric epithelial cells GES-1 in vitro.
• Fig. S6. Blocking the ErK and Akt signaling alleviates the cell viability, migration, and angiogenic activity enhanced by treatment with MSC-CM.
• Fig. S7. Coadministration of MSC-CM does not enhance the efficacy of PPI treatment for NSAID-related gastric ulcer in pigs.
• Fig. S8. Proposed actions of ADMSCs in enhancing healing of NSAID-related gastric ulcer.
• Table S1. Raw data for ulcer index and the percentage change in ulcer size compared with day 1.
• Table S2. Quantification of cell identity of PCNA⁺ cells.
• Table S3. Full gene names for pig cytokines and chemokines.
• Table S4. Full name of genes related to wound healing.
• Legend for data file S1
• References (53, 54)

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Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following:

• Data file S1. Raw data (provided as separate Excel file).