Information
provision | • Descriptive norms | • Relatively inexpensive | • If norm of participation is low, normative information may reduce desire to participate |
| • Injunctive norms | • Informed participants are less likely to make mistakes during clinical trial | |
| • Reciprocity | | |
| • Personalization | • Serves ethical goal of informed consent | • Too much information can reduce desire to engage |
| • Simplified consent forms | | |
| • Providing information at appropriate times | | • Depends on trust in the source of the information |
Choice
architecture | • Defaults | • Recruitment procedure has to be developed anyway, so little added effort to incorporate choice architecture | • Some procedures are not fully transparent |
| • Active choice | | |
| • Enhanced active choice | | • May backfire, by introducing “no” options or by asking wrong questions |
| • Expanded active choice | • Grant greater sense of control/autonomy to participants | |
| | | • Ethical concerns about fully informed consent |
| • Structured decision flow | • Relatively inexpensive | |
| • Foot-in-the-door | | |
| • Self-prophecy | | |
| • Incentives | • Direct financial payment | • Compensates participants for time, opportunity cost, and taking on risk | • Can be expensive |
| • Lottery payment | | • Undue inducement |
| • Material prizes | • Delivery of incentives can be structured to motivate continued participation | • Unjust inducement |
| • Rewards that facilitate participation (e.g., bus pass) | | • Potential participants may fail to disclose exclusion criteria |
| • Social recognition | | |
| • Providing RCT results | | |
