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Research ArticlePsychiatry
Using fMRI connectivity to define a treatment-resistant form of post-traumatic stress disorder
- View ORCID ProfileAmit Etkin1,2,3,4,*,†,
- View ORCID ProfileAdi Maron-Katz1,2,3,4,*,
- View ORCID ProfileWei Wu1,2,3,4,5,*,
- Gregory A. Fonzo1,2,3,4,*,
- View ORCID ProfileJulia Huemer1,2,3,*,
- View ORCID ProfilePetra E. Vértes6,7,8,*,
- Brian Patenaude1,2,3,4,
- View ORCID ProfileJonas Richiardi9,10,
- Madeleine S. Goodkind11,12,
- View ORCID ProfileCorey J. Keller1,2,3,4,
- View ORCID ProfileJaime Ramos-Cejudo4,13,
- View ORCID ProfileYevgeniya V. Zaiko1,2,3,
- Kathy K. Peng1,3,
- Emmanuel Shpigel1,2,3,4,
- View ORCID ProfileParker Longwell1,2,3,4,
- View ORCID ProfileRuss T. Toll1,2,3,4,
- View ORCID ProfileAllison Thompson1,
- Sanno Zack1,
- Bryan Gonzalez4,13,
- View ORCID ProfileRaleigh Edelstein1,2,3,4,
- Jingyun Chen4,13,
- View ORCID ProfileIrene Akingbade1,3,4,
- Elizabeth Weiss1,3,
- Roland Hart4,13,
- View ORCID ProfileSilas Mann4,13,
- Kathleen Durkin4,13,
- View ORCID ProfileSteven H. Baete4,11,12,
- View ORCID ProfileFernando E. Boada4,14,15,
- Afia Genfi4,13,
- Jillian Autea1,2,3,4,
- View ORCID ProfileJennifer Newman4,13,
- View ORCID ProfileDesmond J. Oathes16,
- View ORCID ProfileSteven E. Lindley1,3,
- View ORCID ProfileDuna Abu-Amara4,13,
- View ORCID ProfileBruce A. Arnow1,
- View ORCID ProfileNicolas Crossley17,18,
- View ORCID ProfileJoachim Hallmayer1,2,3,
- View ORCID ProfileSilvia Fossati4,13,
- Barbara O. Rothbaum19,
- Charles R. Marmar4,13,
- View ORCID ProfileEdward T. Bullmore6,20,21 and
- View ORCID ProfileRuth O’Hara1,3
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
- 2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
- 3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
- 4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- 5School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
- 6Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK.
- 7School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
- 8The Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK.
- 9Department of Medical Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- 10Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- 11New Mexico Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
- 12Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- 13Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- 14Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- 15Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- 16Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- 17Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6513677 Santiago, Chile.
- 18Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
- 19Trauma and Anxiety Recovery Program, Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- 20Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB21 5EF, UK.
- 21ImmunoPsychiatry, Alternative Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
- ↵†Corresponding author. Email: amitetkin{at}stanford.edu
↵* These authors contributed equally to this work.
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Science Translational Medicine 03 Apr 2019:
Vol. 11, Issue 486, eaal3236
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3236
Vol. 11, Issue 486, eaal3236
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3236
Amit Etkin
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Adi Maron-Katz
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Wei Wu
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
5School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
Gregory A. Fonzo
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Julia Huemer
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
Petra E. Vértes
6Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK.
7School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
8The Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK.
Brian Patenaude
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Jonas Richiardi
9Department of Medical Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
10Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Madeleine S. Goodkind
11New Mexico Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
12Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
Corey J. Keller
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Jaime Ramos-Cejudo
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
13Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Yevgeniya V. Zaiko
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
Kathy K. Peng
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
Emmanuel Shpigel
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Parker Longwell
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Russ T. Toll
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Allison Thompson
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Sanno Zack
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Bryan Gonzalez
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
13Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Raleigh Edelstein
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Jingyun Chen
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
13Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Irene Akingbade
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Elizabeth Weiss
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
Roland Hart
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
13Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Silas Mann
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
13Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Kathleen Durkin
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
13Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Steven H. Baete
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
11New Mexico Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
12Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
Fernando E. Boada
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
14Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
15Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Afia Genfi
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
13Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Jillian Autea
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Jennifer Newman
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
13Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Desmond J. Oathes
16Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Steven E. Lindley
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
Duna Abu-Amara
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
13Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Bruce A. Arnow
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
Nicolas Crossley
17Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6513677 Santiago, Chile.
18Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
Joachim Hallmayer
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
2Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
Silvia Fossati
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
13Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Barbara O. Rothbaum
19Trauma and Anxiety Recovery Program, Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Charles R. Marmar
4Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Post-traumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
13Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Edward T. Bullmore
6Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK.
20Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB21 5EF, UK.
21ImmunoPsychiatry, Alternative Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
Ruth O’Hara
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
3Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94394, USA.
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